In WWI, the British switched from cloth hats to metal helmets, after which the incidence of head injuries increased dramatically. Obviously, the metal helmets were causing the increase in head injuries (until one considers that those soldiers would almost certainly be dead instead of injured).
In WWII, engineers examined the planes that returned from battle with bullet holes in the wings and empennage surfaces and decided that those parts of the the planes needed to be armored (if the planes returned, those areas were the parts that could survive damage – the armor needed to be strengthened on other parts of the plane, considering that planes damaged elsewhere had failed to return).
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