I think #1 is a bigger issue than the Dems want it to be. Why does CA need to tax income at 13% (Top) and NY at 9% (Top) while FL and TX are at 0%? Granted FL has high property taxes, but a person can choose to some degree how much they want to pay by where they choose to live and the size house they choose to have regardless of income. But what does one get from the government in CA that they don't get in FL for their tax dollars, social issues aside.
Different states issue taxes differently, so it's not a clear 1:1 comparison, and this is a bit disingenuous to only look at income taxes. Texas and Washington have one thing in common: our revenues are driven by sales taxes, and both are regressive taxes in the sense that lower income earners are generally hit harder by them than upper class earners. However, unlike Texas, Washington doesn't have fossil fuel reserves that generate revenue for the state (~10% of Texas' tax revenue). So natural resources whose extraction can be taxed can be used as a way to shift the debt burden.
If we look at a basic breakdown of revenues reported by each state's comptrollers for 2023, there's a more interesting picture being painted. For Texas, 85 billion in taxes were pulled in, with sales taxes being 55% of that (over 45 billion). Motor Vehicle Sales + Rental taxes add about 7 billion onto that. Oil and gas production taxes are about 8 billion, with franchise taxes not being far behind. Having the natural resources account for nearly 10% of the total tax revenue does help reduce the burdens a little. I imagine receiving nearly 70b in federal dollars helps a bit here too (not reported as tax revenue, clearly, but part of another 127b in revenues reported by the state for 2023).
California reported 93 billion in total revenues. Less than 10% more than Texas' tax revenue, but California's revenue is almost entirely taxes. The vast majority of that being income tax (55b) and corporation taxes (16b). The corporation taxes are interestingly similar to the tax revenue from fossil fuels and the franchise tax, so at least at a high level, things look similar on the corporate side of things, just how that money is raised is different in part due to the lack of an oil industry in California on any scale similar to Texas.
Does Texas seem to collect less tax than California? By their own numbers, yes. But the thing is, the differences in the amount of money pulled in via taxes aren't as big as your income numbers suggest. Texas is instead skewed towards consumption taxes for individuals which as I've pointed out, are regressive taxes. Those higher up the income ladders pay less of it as a percentage of their income. It's just not something that can be compared directly by looking at raw tax rates. A progressive income tax will also tend to pull in a bit more revenue when you have wealthy citizens than sales taxes. To get that "13%" you talk about, that household has to be pulling in more than 1.3m a year. I certainly ain't anywhere near that. Anyone making less than 100,000$ a year in California is paying a lower tax rate than the state sales tax in Texas...
If I lived in California with my current pay, my effective income tax rate would still be lower than Texas' sales tax rate (and WA for that matter), although that's still not a 1:1 comparison because again, sales tax is a consumption tax. I don't spend 100% of my income, so you need to see how much gets spent to see what the effective tax rate under a sales tax regime. Those that spend more of their income per month will be closer to the stated rate.
EDIT: I think it's also interesting to point out the per capita tax revenue per state:
Texas: 2.93b per million people
California: 2.38b per million people
So per capita, California is pulling in less in taxes? Not more? As I'm hopefully demonstrating, it's not so simple.